Industrial utilization of strawlike materials



r n ne l.

EMERIU IvIEARKGCZI AND STEPHEN J. ADAM, Q1" BUDAPEST, T-X'UNGARY, ASSIGN'GBS O1 ONE-HALE TO FELIX 11. V7IENER AND HUGU l iEGHiii "ABT, EST O33 IB'UDEQPFTIL,

HUNGARY.

INliiTSTEl-EQAL UTILIZATION GE STHA'WLIKE MATERIALS.

No Drawing.

To all whom it omg concern:

Be it known that we, EMERIC lilannczi, a citizen of l'lungary, residing at, Budapest, and STEPHEN J. .ADAM, a citizen of Hungary, residing; at Budapest, Hungary, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Industrial Utilization olifitran like hilaterials (for which We filed an application in Hungary on April 14, 1922), of which the following is a specification.

The subject of this invention is the procby means or which also cheap varieties of paper for the mass-consumption may be lncratively manufactured from straw-like materials.

Under the denomination of straw-like materials are to be understood: first, the straw of maize,wheat, rye, barley, oats, ri e, millet, buckwheat, Siberian hnobgrass, rape, clover, lucerne, y etc.l1, saintfoin. bean, pea and. lentil, the leafy-stalks of the hop and nettle, the sugarane after being pressed out, the espart'o, and besides these,,in gen eral, the'leafy stalks oi plants belonging: to the family of the Typhaceza, (irrainincze, Cyperaceze. .luncaceze and llrticaccre and other similar materials.

From the point of yiew of the paper maker the main differences between these straw-like materials and the spru e or pine wood at present mostly used For the manufacture of varieties of paper for mass-consumption, are as follows:

(1. The straw-like materials are of much looser and more "Ynhomogencus structure than the spruce ofpine wood;

Z". The straw-like materials contain-contrary to the spruce or pine wood-besicles the. cellulose a considerable amount of silicaries and other-compounds of very difl'erent degrees of solnbilityiej 1 c. The straw-like mum-e11 contain hesides the hast-fibres (libri'l'orm cells) which are especially suitable for paper-making, a considerable amount. of inferior types of cells (parenehima, slrlerencliline-cells,"vessols) Whereas thestock of" e ls of the-s 'n'uce or pine wood 'ifiii-inly. consis s-oi uniform ells of tranheigls-eqi'uzlly suitable-filer papermsk ne;

As a rulmthe ratio, of the crossaccti n or the cell to the lengtleof the cell it, in the case of the hast-cells of the sir: w-like'inaterials considerablysmaller than in thecase of the tracheids of the spruce or Pinewood,

'riirpose, in such Application filed November 7, 1922. Serial No. 599,598.

so that the former represents a comparw tirely' thinner and more flexible, but also more delicate sort of element for papernialting and more easily matted than the latter.

hie fault of the present processes of anal:- ing paper from straw-like materials, is that they do not sn'll icicntly take into consiiileration the differences mentioned above. flhis is the reason that the manufacture of cheap varieties of paper for mass-consmnption, from the straw-like. materials enumerated alpove, does not prove lucrative with the present processes.

According to the new process the strawlilre. material to be converted, is first to be broken rushed) in such Way that, by means of pressure (crushing), heading" and t0rsior. it is disintegrated to a certaii'i lent, nd compressed at the same time and th n chopped up into email by cutting, shear .ingr or tearing. At the same time the material separated by selection, connected with the allure operation, from the rough contauiinutions which are detrimental to papermaltingr.

Alter this, the purified chall",-in a condilion,---undcr:roes a, natural SOUIlIIQ, which is r-irtilicially ae'i'elei ated hr caloric means. Under the term natural smirking a mixed sell-lt'crrnenlhlion is understood,hf the same nature ihat' "which occurs in the sweet: ensilage oi the turnip-slices, ,e'reen fodder, maize-straw, etc, which is customary in agriculture and initiated. and dc vcloped by difl'crent ierinci'lting' bacteria, (schizomycetes of the lactic, buturic, propionie, etc. 'l'erinentuti h), these bacteria being present also on the nmteria'l itself, The acceleration of the souriiul performed by heating, in such a nay that; the Wet chail compressed into the souring space, is heated up, in:u'ie lial'ely at the beginning, to the temperature most. advantageculs for the fer-- mentation (100-127)" Fl. and the same tern- 1 *ralure is maii'ilained. (luring the whole course of the sourin; process.

Acmrdingr to the invent ion the Waste heal: ol' theexhaustslvam or of the comlexisatl-on ,\caleivobtained in the ordinary pulp or pnpcrihill rmrl-I, may he used for the above a way that the apparatus serving lor the cm'ulensation of the exhaust s eam. or the apparatus serving for cooling the condensation water, contains also the Thechafli-fermented in the above manner,

is then cookedin a closed space (boile'r or digester) at temperatures greater than 2152? R, that is under pressure, first with Water,"

then with an excess of alkali, until the required degree of digestion of the; fibrous material (pulp) is attained. According to the i1 "ention the temperature, and so also the pressure, in the cooking space (boiler or digester) in both of the cooking processes,

and besides this the concentration. of alkali in the alkaline cooking are, during the Whole cookingperiod, either; gradually or continuvallyincreased. The increase of the. tempera turc (pressure) and of theeoncontrationef the alkali during the cooking (digestion) has, first of all, the advantage that everyone of the intercellular and incrnsting materials 1 contained in the chaff and soluble, at difi'e'rent temperatures (pressures) and at difi'erent concentrations of alkali,--can be extracted at the suitable temperature (pressure) and degree of concentration of alkali, by which meansa. superfluous waste of heat and alka i is prevented. The other advantage is that at the comparatively low average temperature (pressure) and concentration of alkali, the hydration of the inferiortypes of cells occurs in but a slight degree, so that the presence or even a greater amount of these types of'cells in the paper, does not render it transparent. The limits between which. the increasing of the temperature (pressure) and of the'concentration of'alkali takes place, vary accordingly to the quality of the material to be converted and of the paper to be manufactured.

By'the previous souringz (fermentation) a.

, twofold object is atE-ained. i. e, on the one hand,thc digestion ooscning) of the fili rous material to a certain extent, on the other hand an increase in, the dcgrrcc of compressibilit i of the chaff. In consequence of this. the cooking (digestion) of? the chall' as described above, may be performed in a smalle digested space, in a shorter time and at the expense of less heat and alkali than would be the case. had the chatl' "not been fermented previously.

In another form of the invention the cooking); (digesting) of the lei-mental chat? either with Water or with all-call with both,

is performed in the manner d scr b d out in several boilers di neously, these boilers bc i such a Way, as to enable the (li ed in mg liquor -let into one of them to pass through the chaii' into any other boiler or which is the same,.on to the chaff contained therein. The cooking is performed, according to the Well-known principle of the co-untercurrent;

'cookedone time less than the chaff in the boiler which it has 311st left'yan'd so on, until the weak acid, or alkaline solution, containmg. an cver-mcreasing'amount of the materials extracted from thechaif, runs onto a chai'i which has not yet beencooked-with Water or with alkali. This latter solution is finally let out after the cooking (digesting). has been finished. This procedure, wellknown in itself, is carried out, according to the invention, in such a Way that the digestmg liquor streams from one boiler into the other, in success1on' as described aboi e, also during the cookingoperation and that this streaming is partly caused by the fact that in the several boilers-suceeeding each other in the direction of the streaming,a gradually lower average pressure (tempe gature) is maintained.

By this arrangement a further considerable diminution of fuel and alkali cousumption is attained, in addition to which the Weak acid and the alkaline liquors obtained after the cooking'has been finished, may thus be made the solutions of that greatest concentration of the 'extractives (intcrcellular and incrusting materials), which can be at all obtained by cooking the chaff with, Water and afterwards with alkali. This is rendered possible without the necessity of interrupting the cooking", and subjecting the wet chail'.

more than once, to pressiiig. wringing: or

similar expensive operations, if the extracted materials ai: e, by condensing their solutions by evaporation, to be utilized as a by-product in the formof artificial fodder, vegetable glue etc. ,p

In the latter case the process changes in such a Way that the two solutions of the extracted .materials obtained by the cooking with water and with alkali, are already united in the cooking space (boiler) during the cookin operation. and this united liquor which contains all the cxtractiws, is after its removal from the digested fibrous material, condensed bv evaporation to a syruplikc lav-product. ,Before the condensation oi the liquor its cvcntualacidity or alkalinity is, it necessary, neutralized.

This by-product may increase the lucrati cness of the process considerably, since the liuzwr to be condensed, in consequence of toe above described cooking procedure,

he, on the onc hand, a solution of the ill but tough and elastic material.

' the pulpQ esaese other hand it represents a wash of coinparatirely slight alkalinity (acidity) or a weak solution of salts, so that the condensation can be performed with a comparatively no great consumption of heat, and the syrup-like material produced, represents, without' additional treatment, a useful by product.

The digested fibrous material forming a raw pulp suitable for paper-making, is -ashed (rinsed) with water in the well known manner.

Both the rough and fine heating of the digested fibrous material may be done by means of beating tools made of wood, indiurubber, horn, leather or other similarsolt, The form of the beating tools and the arrangement of the heaters may be similar to those used at the present time in ordinary pulpor papermill work. By adopting these kinds of beating; tools the result can be obtained that the pulp, of which the most raluablcelr ments are the comparatively thin hast'cells (libriforin cells), is not exposed to the danger of overheating even in the case of an cffective beating when the tools are adj usted very closely to each other.

In order to prevent an unnecessary waste of the beaten pulp use must be made. both in the draining operations and in the dipping, of finer sieves (of a higher numher) and finer draining bottoms than those used in the manufacture of paper frou'i rags or spruce (pine Wood).

According to the invention a further diminution of the pulp waste may be u: taincd by'using' repeatedly the waste water of the. washing (rinsing) and heatingoperations. as well as that of the sand trap and of the line sorting; apparatu.=.=. and that of the bleaching?operation, tor'the same op crations with a fresh charge ot pulp. This is effected in such a way that the chronically determinable alkali or acid collected in the water during its repeated use. is neutralized in away tint d not allect the quality of T peated use of the waste Water car: only be continued so long as the waste-stud collected in the water and the salts derived from the. neutralimtion, do

' notiinjuriously affect the quality of the pa per to be produced.

[According to this principle the. alkaline waste water of the first washing; and rough beating can be utilized in preparing, a fresh solution of alkali for a fresh charge of chaff.

Otherwise the conversion of the digested fibrous material into paper is performed after the well known processes and by means otthe machinery at present in use.

Having thus described our invention what we claim to be new and useful is:. I

1. The process of the industrial utiliza tion of st aiwlikc matwials, which consists in crushing the material b pressure, bending, and torsion. chopping it into'a chall', then subjecting the chall. in a wet condition,

to a natural SOIHTlIrQ' (saltl'eriinrntathwu) oi the alkali during, the whole alliz line cooking, passing the digesting liquor, durin the cooking, through the series of-the l )()1l(?l'S connected with each other. maintaining graduall lower average pressures (temperaturcs) in the several boilers succcedin; each other in the direction of the moving liquor, uniting the two solutions of the extracted materials, obtained by the cooking with. water and with alkali, this uniting being performed in the cookingspace already durin the cooking operation, removing the-united liquor from the digested fibrous.material, and condensing it by evaporation to a syruplike material, washing and heating the digested fibrous material (raw pulp) by means oi beating tools made of wood, india' rublze-r, horn, leather or other similar soft, but tough and elastic material, sorting and bleaching: the beaten pulp, repeatedly using; the waste-water of the washing, heating sorting and bleaching, tor the same operation with fresh charges of pulp, neutraliz ing the alkali or acid collected in the repeatedly used weete-water, preparing the alkaline liquor fo l the cooking of a new charge of fermented chall', from the alkaline 'aste-wnter of the first washing and heating of the raw pulp. making paper from the bleached pulp in the custcnnary'way, substantially as described. 1

2. The process of the industrial utilization of straw-like materials, which consists in crushing the material and choiiping it into chafl'. then subjecting; the (hall, in a wet'conditiou, to a natural smiling; (selftermentatioh) accelerated by the application ot heat. cooking (digesting) the termerited chall in a closed space (boiler or, digester) at temperatures estceeding 212 F at first with water, then with an excess of alkali, increasing the temperature (pressure) in-the boiler (digester) in both cook-"l ings during the whole cooking operation, increasing the concentration of the alkali during the whole alkaline cooking washing.-

and heating the digested fibrous material tawpulp) by means of beating too made of wood, indie-rubber, horn, leath or other similar soft, but tbugh and elastic material, making customary way, substantially as described.

3. The process of the industrial utiliza; tion of straw-like'materials, which consists in crushingithe material and choppi-nw it lIltO a chaff, then subjecting the cha' in at first with water, tl'ien with an excess of alkali, increasing the temperature (prs-- *sure) in theboiler (digester) in bothcook-v ings during the whole cooking operation, in-

creasing the concentration of the alkali during the whole alkaline cooking, Washing and beatingthe digested fibrous material (raw-pulp) by means of beating tools made of Wood, indie-rubber, horn, leather or other similar soft, buttough and elastic material,

making paper fro'm'the beatenpulp in'the' customary Way, substantially asdescribed.

4. The process-of the industrial utilization of straw-like materials, which consists in crushing the material and chopping it into achaif, then subjecting the shaft in a wet condition to a natural souring (selffermentation) accelerated by the application of heat, cooking (digesting) the fermented chafi. in a-closed space (boiler or digester) at temperatures exceeding 212 F., at first with Water, then with an excess of alkali, increasing the temperature (pressure) in the boiler (digester) [in both cookin'gs during the whole cooking operation, increasing the concentration of the alkali during the whole alkaline cooking, washing and beating the digested fibrous material (raw pulp) by means of beating tools made of wood, india-rubber, horn, leather or other soft, but tough and elastic material, sorting and bleaching the beaten pulp, repeatedly using the wastesorting' and Y water, of the washing, beating, bleaching for the same operation with fresh charges of pulp, neutralizing the alkali or acid collectedin the repeatedly used waste water, preparing the alkaline (ligesting liquor for the cooking of a new charge of fermented chad", from the alkaline wastewater of the first washing and beating of the raw pulp, bleached pulp in the customaryway, substantially as described;

5. The recess-o1" the,indns aial utilizing of strawike materials. which consists in crushing-the llliitelll'll amLchopping it into.

aschafi', then subjecting the chaff, in a wet condition, ton natural souring (selffermentation) accelerated by transmitting to the chafi the waste heat of theexhaust-stcam or the heat of the condensation water of the paper from the'beaten pulp in the.

(digesting) the the alkaline digesting with Water and with alkali. this making paper from the' sorting and bleaching the beaten pulp, rc-

peatedly using the waste-Water of the washing, beating, sorting and bleaching for the same operat on with fresh charges of pulp,

neutrahzingthealkali or acid collected in the repeatedly used waste-writer preparing mg of a new charge of fermented chaff, from the alkaline waste-water of the first washing and'beating of the raw pulp, making paper from the bleached way, substantially as described.

6. The process of the'industrial utilization of straw-like materials, which cd'nsists in. crushingthe material and chopping into a chafl, then subjecting the chaff in a'wet condition, to a natural soaring (self-fermentation) accelerated by the application of heat. cooking (digesting) the fermented 'chafi' in a close-space (boiler or digester) at 212 F.. at first with temperatures exceeding water, then with an excess of alkali, increas ing the temperature (pressure) in the boiler (digester) both cookin s during the whole cooking operation, increasing the concentration of the alkali during the whole alkaline cooking uniting the two solutions of the extracted materials, obtained by the cooking uniting being performed in the cooking space already during the cocking operation, removing the united liquor from the digested iibrous material and condensing it by evaporationto a syrup-like material, substantially as described. I

7. The process of the industrial utilization of straw-like materials, which consists in crushing the material and chopping it into a chaff, then subjecting it in a wctcondition to a naturalsouring (self-fcrmcntation') accelerated by. transmitting to the chatl the waste heat of the exhaust-steam or the heat of the condensation water of the steam plant, cooking (digesting) the fermented chaff in a close space (boiler or digester) at temperaturcs excel-Wag 212 F atfirstwith water, then'witl 1a; excess with alkali, increasing the temperature (pressure) in the "boiler (disaster) in both cookings duringthe whole cooking operation, increasing the concentra tion of the alkali during the Whole alkaline cooking, uniting the two'soiutions of the exliquor for the, cookpulp in the customary a wet condition,

, tion of operation,

" cooking throng of the boilers connected with each other, maintaining gradually lower average pressures (temperatures) in the several boilers" succeeding eachv other in the direction of the moving liquor, washing and beating'the digested fibrous material (raw pulp), making paper from the beaten pulp in the customary way, substantially as described.

13. The process of the industrial utilizastraw-like materials, which consists in crushing the materia'lxpnd chopping it into a chaff, then subjecting the chaff, in o a natural souring (self ferm station) accelerated by theapplication of that, cooking (digesting) the fermented chair simultaneously in several communicating boilers (closed cooking spaces) at temperatures exceeding 212 F., at first with water, then with an excess of alkali, increasing the temperature (pressure) in the boilers in both cookings during the Whole cooking increasing the concentration of the alkali during the whole alkaline cooking, passing the di I 1 the series of the boilers connected with each other, maintaining gradually lower average pressures (temperain the direction of the moving "operation wi tures) in the boilers succeeding each other liquor, washing, beating, sorting and bleaching the digested fibrous material (raw pulp) repeatedly using-the wastewater of thcwashing, beating, sort'glig and bleaching, for the same t fresh charges of pulp, neutralizingthe alkalinr acid collected in the repeatedly used Waste-water, preparing the alkaline digesting liquor for the cooking of a new charge of fermented chaff, from the alkaline waste waterof the first crashing and beating'of the raw pulp making paper from the bleached pulp in the customary way, substantially as described.

14:. The process of the industrial utilization ofstraw-like materials, Which'consists in crushing the material and chopping it into a chaff, then subjecting the chaff, in a Wet condition, to a natural souring (self fermentation) accelerated by transmitting to the chaff the waste heat of the exhii'uststeam or the heat of condensation water of the steam plant, cooking (digesting) the fermented chaff simultaneously in several communicating boilers (closed cooking spaces) at'temperatures exceeding 212 F., at first with water, then with an excess of alkali, increasing-tho temperature (pressure) in the boilers in both cookings during the Whole cooking operation, increasing the concentration of the alkali during the whole alkaline cooking, passing the digesting liquor, during the cooking through the series of the boilers connected with each other, maintaining gradually loweraverage pressures (temperatures) in the-several boilers bleaching the esting liquor, during the,

succeeding each other in the direction of the moving liquor,

digested fibrous material repeatedly using the waste water of the washing, beating, sorting, and bleaching, for the same operation with fresh charges 'of pulp, neutralizing the alkali or acid collected in the repeatedly used preparing the alkaline digesting liquor for the cooking of a new charge of fermented chaff, from the alkaline waste-water of the first washing and beating of the raw pulp, making paper from the bleached pulp in the customary way, substantially as described.

15. The process of the industrial utilization of strawlike materials, which consists in crushing the material and chopping it into a chaff, then subjecting the chaff, in a wet condition, to a natural souring (selffermentation) accelerated by the application of heat, cooking (digesting) the fer- Washing, beating, sorting and waste water,

mented chaff simultaneously in several communicating, boilers (closed cooking spaces) attemperatures exceeding 212 F., at first with water, then with an excess of alkali, increasing the temperature (pressure) in the boilers in both cookings during the whole cooking operation, increasing the concentration of the alkali during the whole alkaline cooking, passing thedigesting liquor, during the cooking, through the series of the boilers ing gradually lower average pressures (temperatures) in the several boilers succeeding each other in the direction of the moving liquor, uniting the two solutions of the extracted materials, obtained by the cooking with water and with'alkali, this uniting being performed in the cooking space already during the cooking operation, removing the united liquor from the digested fibrous material, and condensing it by evaporation to a syrup-like material, substantially as described.

16. The process of the industrial utilization of straw-like materials, which consists in crushingthe material and chopping it into a chaff, then's'ulfiecting the chaff, in a wet condition, to a natural souring;{(selffermentation) accelerated by transmitting to the chaff the waste heat of the exhaust steam or the heat of the condensation water of the steam plant, cooking (digesting) the fermented chaff simultaneously in several communicating boilers (closed cooking spaces) at temperatures exceeding 212 F.,-

series of the boilers connected with each connected with each other, maintainthrough the of the moving liquor, uniting the two soluother, maintaining gradually lower avera e pressures (temperatures) in the several ers succeeding each other 1n the direction tions of the extracted materials, obtained by the cooking with water and with alkali,

this uniting being performed in the cooking space, already during the cooking operation,

' stantially as described.

17. 'The process of. the industrial utilizetion of straw-like materials, which consists in crushin the material and choppingit into a-chafi, then subjectiii 'the-chaft, ma

wet condition, to-a nature soaring (self-- fermentation); accelerated by the applica .e r

tion of heat, cooking (digesting). t mented chafi simultaneouslyin several communicating. boilers (closed cooking spaces) at temperatures exceeding 212 F'.,-at first with water, then ,with an excess of alkali, increasing the temperature the boilers in both cookin whole cooking operation, lncreasing the concentration of the alkali during the whole alkaline cooking, passing the digesting liquor, durin the cooking, through the series of the-bo1 ers'connected with each other, maintaining gradually lower average pressures (temperatures) in the several boilers -succeeding eachother in the direction of the moving liquor, uniting the two solutions of the extracted materials, obtained by the cooking withwaterand with alkali, this uniting bein performed in the cooking "space already uring the cooking operation, removing the united liquor from the digested fibrous material, and condensng it by evaporation to a syrup-like material, washing and beating the vdigested fibrous material (raw pulp), preparin the alkaline digesting liquor for the cookin of a new charge of fermented chaff, from the alkaline waste-water of the first Washing ing liquor, during the cooking,

(pressure) in. gs during the,

and beating of the raw pulp, substantially as described.

18. Theprocess of the industrial utilization of straw-like materials, which consists in crushing the material and chopping it into a chaff, then subjecting the chaff, 1na wet condition, to a natural souring (selffermentation) accelerated by transmitting to. the chaff the waste heat of the exhauststeamor the heat of the condensation water of the steam plant, cooking (digesting) the fermented chaif simultaneously in A several communicating boilers (closed cooking spaces) at temperatures exceedmg 212 F., at first with Water, then with an excess of alkali, increasing the temperature (pres sure) inthe boilers in both cookings during the Whole cooking operation, increasing the concentration of the alkali durin A the whole alkaline cooking, passing the igestseries of the boilers connected with each other, maintaining graduall lower average pressures (temperatures) in the several oilers succeeding each other in the direction of the moving liquor, uniting the two solutions of the extracted materials,- obtained by the cooking with water and with alkali, this uniting bein performed in the cooking space already during the cooking operation, removing the united liquor from through the" V the'digestcd fibrous material, and condoms ing it to a syrup-like material, washing and beating the digested material (raw pul preparing the alkaline digesting liquor or the cooklng of a new charge of fermented chafi', from the alkaline waste-water ofthe first washing and beating of the raw-pulp, substantially as described. w

In testimony whereof we aiiix our signatures in presence-of two witnesses.

nMERio MARKQCZI. STEPHEN JOSEPH ADAM. Witnesses; 4 ALBERT PARKER,

G. W. Tnnnnm. 

